Urban–Rural Influences on Parenting and Theory of Mind Development: An Intracultural Comparative Study in Indonesia

Culture has a significant influence on parenting and the Theory of Mind (ToM). The impact intracultural aspects requires greater investigation. Our research explores location domicile families young children’s acquisition ToM practices. Surveys were given to 350 children (ages 3 6) their parents. Domiciles divided into three groups: i) urban area Jakarta, ii) suburbs in satellite cities near Jakarta (Bogor Tangerang), iii) rural Bukittinggi. This aims determine whether there are differences practices between groups. Most participants low socioeconomic level. comparative results show performance living areas; areas tend have higher scores ToM, followed by then suburbs. result may be influenced parents’ practices, where parents Bukittingi score conformity collectivist than other two